In order to evaluate the effect of salicylic acid and humic acid on some morph-phytochemical characteristics of Echinacea, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first Factor was salicylic acid at four levels (0, 100, 200, 400 mgl-1) and the second factor was humic acid at four levels (0, 100, 200, 400 mgl-1). The results showed that salicylic acid application significantly increased the plant height, number of lateral branches, leaf relative water content, phenol and flavonoid, also decreased leaf ion leakage. Humic acid application significantly increased (p≤ 1) plant height, number of branches, total chlorophyll, leaf relative water content, phenol and flavonoid content, and decreased leaf ion leakage. The results of the research showed that the foliar application of 400 mgl-1of salicylic acid with 100 mgl-1of humic acid improved the measured traits.

In order to investigate amount of deficit irrigation and different levels of water salinity on some morphophysiological traits of parsley, an factorial experiment based on completely block design in three replicates was carried in greenhouse condition. The first factor include irrigation amount at three levels (60, 80 and 100% of field capacity) and the second factor include water salinity at three levels (0.5, 2 and 4 dS/m). Results showed that decreasing irrigation and increasing water salinity cause deacreasing plant height, leaf number per plant, aerial fresh and dry weight, root fresh and dry weight, relative water content and chlorophile content. With increasing salinity to 4 dS/m ion leakage and activity of catalase and ascorbate peroxidase increased and with increasing amount of irrigation these traits reduced significantly.

To study the effect of salinity stress on some physiological traits in wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replicates was performed at 2017 in the research greenhouse of Agronomy Department, University of Tehran. Salinity treatments at two levels; control (1.2 dS/m) and sodium chloride treatment (16 dS/m) and seven wheat cultivars, Rowshan, Inia-66, Mahdavi, Khazar-1, Karaj-2, Ghods and Shole were the experimental treatments. According to the results, relative water content, yield and its components and potassium/sodium ratio decreased in all genotypes while Na+ content and remobilization of carbohydrates were increased. Salt resistant varieties, Roshan and Inia-66, had the highest level of relative water content, remobilization of soluble carbohydrates and number of grains per spike. In addition, Roshan cultivar showed the highest potassium concentration and K+/Na+ in the shoots, while Ghods and Sholeh as sensitive cultivars had the highest sodium concentration in the shoots. Findings showed that the ability of a cultivar to remobilize soluble carbohydrates is one of the traits that determine salt stress tolerance, hence, this trait is suitable for evaluating salt tolerance of wheat cultivars in the future investigations.

In the agricultural sector, indicators of physical productivity (WPPa), economic productivity (WPEa), physical (WPGp) and economic productivity gap (WPGe) of water are used to evaluate the performance of farmers and gardeners. The WPPa index, does not consider the price and costs of the product. The WPEa index is not only affected by inflation and market regulation policy, but also does not take into account the effect of the region's soil and climate. The WPGP and WPGe indices do not provide an accurate evaluation of water productivity of plants due to the difference in the nature of the performance of different plants. Purpose: In this study a new index is introduced that does not have any the aforementioned disadvantages.Material and method: A relative economic water productivity index was introduced and evaluated using different data for each of the factors affecting agricultural production, including soil, plant, climate, management and inflation, and it was compared with the WPPa, WPEa, WPGP and WPGe indices. Results: The results showed that unlike other indicators, the relative economic water productivity index evaluated water productivity in different plants compared to other indicators in proportion to the production capacity of the soil and the climate of the region for any type of agricultural management without being affected by the different nature of crop plants performance and inflation (economy). Because in the KWPe index, the water productivity of each plant is estimated based on the potential conditions and these conditions are unique for each plant and in each region and climate and under each agricultural management, therefore, the productivity of different plants in different regions can be compared only with this index. So that the WPGe index estimated the average value of water productivity for wheat and barley in different soils to be equal (3973 toman/m3), but the KWPe index estimated water productivity of wheat and barley at 0.67 and 0.33, respectively. Also, the KWPp index estimated the same value for water productivity of wheat and corn as 0.42, but the KWPe index estimated 0.36 and 0.4 for wheat and corn respectively due to the high price of corn compared to wheat.

Harvest time, in olive, is an important key to achieve high quality and quantity of oil with a desired and balanced fatty acid (high oleic acid and low palmitic and linoleic acid) composition. Appropriate harvesting time varies in different locations depending on climatic and agronomic situations and identifying the right time for harvesting may bring about a high quality oil. Thus, the current study was carried out to determine the best harvesting time for two Iranian (Mari and Shenge) and two foreign (Kroniki and Arbequina) cultivars in the region of Tarom, Zanjan, (north of Iran). The results obtained indicated that palmitic, oleic and stearic acid contents decreased and linoleic and palmitic acid contents increased with the progress of ripening. In addition, oil percentage increased with the progress of fruit growth and development. Based on the amount of desired fatty acids, the best harvesting time for the Mari, Kroniki and Arbeqina cultivars, was 180 days after full bloom. It was revealed that the cultivar Shenge is not suitable for oil extraction, due to the low percentage of oleic acids. Therefore, Shenge could be cultivated for producing olive cans rather than olive oil and the best harvesting time for Shenge is 120 days after full bloom.

This study aims to analyze technical efficiency and Water Use Efficiency (WUE) of date palm in Bahoukalat country from Chabahar, Iran. Data were gathered through questionnaires in 2010. To obtain WUE and technical efficiency, super efficiency and additive model were applied. The results showed that WUE is 40%. Moreover, 17 out of 23 date groves which are consumed traditional systems for irrigation were inefficient in water use. Furthermore, none of groves faced decreasing returns to scale and 78 % had increasing returns to scale. Therefore, due to economies of scale, there is a great potential to further increase of palm groves performance. Finally, calculating the amount of inefficiency for each factors of production showed an average of 23 percent inefficiency in water use.